Laws of Blasphemy and Human Rights Is there a modern connection Essay

Laws of Blasphemy and Human Rights Is there a cutting edge association - Essay Example At a moment that lawful advancements have come to concentrate on the fervor made by reestablished discussion, the social and social importance of the offense and the legitimate systems have been addressed. Over the span of this paper, I have endeavored to inspect the law of impiety in vulnerabilities encompassing the effect of secularization and social pluralism, which contribute it with significant representative result. This brings to the front the ongoing recovery of disrespect laws through an appraisal of the incomprehensible idea of its belongings, with specific accentuation on those troubles that have been modeled for radicalism as a political way of thinking that attempts to guide through a period of majority and agreeable co - presence. Along these lines, the importance of lewdness is identified with the topic of the status of religion in contemporary western social orders in setting of the fitting reaction of the lawful apparatus of different nations, just as the contention that exists between the craving to justify the offense and the longing to balance the insurance it bears. Further, as of late, there have been various records of the boundaries of the law which has started a basic examination of its relationship to laws managing the contiguous zones of dissidence, vulgarity, shock to open fairness and offenses against open request. In this manner, discord over the eventual fate of the impiety law emerges at the convergence of a bunch of obstinate discussions which have rendered the theme as very touchy and difficult to pass judgment. It is currently basic to graph a short history and development of lewdness to comprehend the excursion of its advancement and how it has come to fruition to be related with Human Rights in the current day. Having initially been a piece of standard law, in the seventeenth century the offense of obscenity was pronounced a precedent-based law offense by the Court of King's Bench, deserving of the custom-based law courts. From the sixteenth century to the mid-nineteenth century, sacrilege against Christianity was held as an offense against precedent-based law, aside from being utilized a lawful instrument to oppress agnostics, Unitarians, and others. Every contumelious censures of Jesus Christ, all profane laughing at the Holy Scriptures, and uncovering any part thereof to hatred or scorn, lastly all irreverences against God, including denying His being or fortune, were deserving of the fleeting courts with fine, detainment, and flogging. In 1656, the Quaker James Naylor endured whipping, marking and the puncturing of his tongue by a scorching poker. A demonstration of Edward VI (canceled 1553 and resuscitated 1558) set a discipline of detainment for chiding the ceremony of the Last Supper. Further, it was in the 1676 instance of Rex v Taylor, when the Lord Chief Justice Sir Matthew Hale expressed that Such sorts of disrespectful words were an offense to God and religion, however a wrongdoing against the laws, State and Government, and in this way culpable in that Court.... Christianity is bundle of the laws of England and along these lines to censure the Christian religion is to talk in disruption of the law. (www.google.com) Those denying the Trinity were denied of the advantage of the Act of Toleration by a demonstration of 1688. Normally called the Blasphemy Act, a demonstration of 1697-1698, expressed that if any individual, instructed in or having

Determining if Bagasse Contributes to Belize Electricity Resource :: Renewable Energy Environment Essays Papers

Deciding whether Bagasse Contributes to Belize Electricity Resource Designs Missing Boyle expresses that â€Å"Bioenergy is the general term for vitality got from materials, for example, wood, straw, or creature squander, which were once living material†(p 106). The vitality put away in a living being in any event, when it’s dead is known as biofuel. This fuel is equipped for creating vitality. A biomass utilized for making bioenergy in Belize is bagasse. The bagasse that is delivered in Belize is made by the Belize Sugar Industries. Horticulture is the foundation of the Belizean economy, and one of the most significant yields is sugar stick. â€Å"In 1994 there were 2,165 stick ranchers developing sugar stick in Belize, most in little homesteads in the Orange Walk and Corozal areas. This paper furnishes the peruser with a concise knowledge on the wellsprings of Belize’s power. Boyle expresses that â€Å"Increased recuperation of squanders, joined with improved effectiveness of change to power, could result in up to fifty GW of creating limit from the sugar business world wide† (p 119). Bagasse is the biomass staying after sugar stick stalks are squashed to remove their juice. It is comprised of 50% of fiber, forty-eight percent dampness, and two percent of sugar. The web reference book expresses that â€Å"a sugar manufacturing plant delivers about 30% of bagasse out of its absolute crushing† (Wikipedia.org). Bagasse is frequently utilized as an essential fuel hotspot for sugar factories, when consumed in amount; it produces adequate warmth vitality to flexibly all the necessities of a run of the mill sugar plant, with vitality to save. Boyle states â€Å"The absolute vitality substance of the yearly buildups of the world’s two fundamental yields, sugar and rice, is assessed as 18Ej-like the aggregate for calm crops† (p 119). In Belize sugar stick and rice are two of the yields that produce capital for the nation. Be that as it may, Belize is as yet having an issue providing its occupants with a consistent progression of power. The electrical force get goes on an off every now and then. â€Å"During the dry season Mexico supplies in excess of 50% of Belize’s electricity† (Belize Electricity Limited). The remainder of the power is creates through diesel generators and the dams. The dam’s supplies should deliver around 30% of the power required. At the point when Mexico needs power they cut the power that they sell Belize and use it.

Link Between Illness and Sense of Embodiment

Question: Examine about theLink Between Illness and Sense of Embodiment. Answer: Presentation Patients have been known to experience a few changes during their recuperation period. Ailment can cause a few changes in patients, some automatic, while others are automatic. Notwithstanding, the progressions happen in a patients body or mental express that brings a great deal inquiries to researchers most definitely. Specifically, what is the patient disposition towards the recuperation and how they will in general carry on in endeavor to adapt to their sickness? Disease can be so upsetting particularly face to face practices, socially or mentally. There are along these lines a few different ways that patients will in general adapt to ailment by exhibiting feeling of epitome. In this paper, I expect to expound a few different ways that patients embrace to adapt up to sickness and different ways that attendants have had the option to help patients adapt to disease. Notwithstanding that, I will give a definite depiction on a portion of the exploration completed to decide the do this. To begin with, accounts can signifies separating tales about people's experiences of infirmity are genuine activities in therapeutic human science, where the sickness story fills in as a key theoretical fixation and a conspicuous research methodology. Despite this, tolerably negligible sociological thought has been associated with examining the political, money related and moral movement at play in what we most likely suggest as the commodification of illness experiences (Longo, and Haggard, 2012). By the last we mean the rising of different and covering markets wherein illness stories are made, flowed, used and exchanged, creating an impetus in different courses for different people (Antelius, 2009). Scratch instances of such commodification are the creating business segment forever accounts about people's experiences of disorder (named autopathographies (Aronson 2000) or, somewhat disparagingly, crippled lit and sadness journals); the profitable sharing of information about ailment experiences by means of electronic systems administration media; the plan of patients' accounts by prosperity establishments and various relationship for fund-raising; and the amassing, assessment and estimation of patient experiences by academic authorities for a grouping of reasons, for instance, estimating the idea of human administrations organizations. It very well may be battled that failure contemplates have intentionally dismissed the subject of impaired epitome remembering the ultimate objective to disassociate inadequacy from its securing in helpful foundations and social orders. What is lost in this methodology is the way subjectivity adds to our general cognizance of sickness. Individuals don't experience ailment in withdrawal from one another, however rather manage these social experiences in manners which fuse their subjectivity. Constant infection changes one's start of oneself and alters how one considers his to be her body as working in-and-with-the-world (Conrad, and Barker, 2010). This experience can be conceptualized by investigating representation, which implies the troupe of human practices which make and give a body its place in ordinary everyday presence (Gray, 2009).The lived inclusion of the provocative or emotional body. In infection, individuals have issues continuing to be bodies, particularly the sorts of b odies they have reliably been. The accounts that people tell about living with unlimited sicknesses reflect how affliction changes a man's inclination of character. In infection, the twofold pieces of encapsulationturning into a substitute individual while proceeding as before individualrequire new and increasingly uncertain goals to the issues of the body-self. Concerning YouTube, get-togethers of individuals with various wellbeing conditions, including various sclerosis, blazing gut disease, or development, use this phase as a contraption for searching for prosperity information and as a conversation for sharing individual infection stories or getting analysis and social help from others (Longo, and Haggard, 2012). For example, examinations of accounts on YouTube made by people with various sclerosis and relating comments show that various individuals a significant part of the time disclose singular wellbeing information in this online condition , and move chronicles to give treatment direction to other people and offer individual experiences pursuing and gaining remedial consideration (Naslund, Grande, Aschbrenner, and Elwyn, 2014) . With affirmation announcing the in all cases usage of YouTube among different patient get-togethers, in the current survey we hope to examine comments introduced on YouTube by individuals who self-recognize a s having a SMI, taking the perspective that really happening peer reinforce through online interpersonal interaction may be worthwhile. We will probably observe how individuals with SMI team up on YouTube with their partners, knowing the risks of disclosure, and whether this may fill in as a way to deal with manage their own specific recovery and offer assistance to other people. There a few stories, these are In the Stability Narrative, the person's heading remains unaltered as for result: the affliction is no better, yet it is furthermore not any more dreadful. I could recount to a security story in which I am feeling incredible, as of late not thoroughly well or my sufficiency record could be at a low degree of prosperity (Davis, and Walker, 2010). I feel ghastly, for a long time, with no change, anyway no declining of my condition either. By intricacy, in the Progressive Narrative, there is improvement toward steady change. Reliably I feel a smidgen better. Or, then again, a medicine I am taking is having any sort of impact and I feel better because of it. Or, then again, I saw a counsel and now I see things in a sudden manner. I sense that I am recuperating my old self (Mazanderani, Locock, and Powell, 2013). Clearly, it is the Progressive Illness Narrative that is the darling of others. It is less difficult to find a horde of individuals for this record shape than both of the other two, with the possible unique instance of the robustness infection story, when one is consistently practically well. Perhaps the most terrifying disease account and the one that makes the people who have it generally tense and most uncertain whether they will find people to listen to it, is the Regressive Narrative. In this story there is a slipping or in invert slide. At the point when I have been in a presence condition in which the fundamental story I can tell about my exemplified experience is one in which I am not giving indications of progress, that is a regressive infection account, I have felt like I am grasping an unobtrusive piece of Styrofoam, chipped off from a barge, and that I am bobbing in the sea, waves moving over me (Gray, 2009). I don't know whether or not I have the duration to hold tight, nor whether or not the little, fake piece of demolition I stick to can keep me light. Settled in this image, anyway concealed and indistinct, is the fantasy of ensure, from quarters cloud. Adaptability in disorder is a response to a change inside one's body. The change is experienced speedily and erratically, provoking a difficulty of good ways from one's out of nowhere new body. The associate of instruments with beat significant obstructions makes a mutt of body Furthermore, mechanical assembly (Carel, 2012). As Merleau-Ponty points out, external props can transform into a vital bit of one's lived body. He expresses: the outwardly disabled man's stick has halted to be an inquiry for him, and is didn't perceive anything else for itself; its point has transformed into a zone of affectability, expanding the expansion and dynamic range of touch, in addition, giving a corresponding to find (Longo, and Haggard, 2012). End In this manner, plainly patients body will in general associate with the earth such that will make them adapt to sickness. Studies show this isn't a demonstration of urgency however a natural way that ought to be grasped by even medical caretakers. One such condition that brings this inquiry into an unmistakable picture is the issue of those with psychological sickness presented to visual stage like YouTube. These gatherings of people will in general offer their accounts to the overall population. References Antelius, E., 2009. Whose body is it at any rate? Verbalization, encapsulation, and the production of narratives.Health:,13(3), pp.361-379. Carel, H., 2012. Phenomenology as an asset for patients.Journal of Medicine and Philosophy,37(2), pp.96-113. Conrad, P. what's more, Barker, K.K., 2010. The social development of sickness key experiences and strategy implications.Journal of wellbeing and social behavior,51(1 suppl), pp.S67-S79. Davis, D.L. what's more, Walker, K., 2010. Re-finding the material body in birthing assistance through an investigation of hypotheses of embodiment.Midwifery,26(4), pp.457-462. Ferguson, A., Worrall, L., Davidson, B., Hersh, D., Howe, T. what's more, Sherratt, S., 2010. Portraying the experience of aphasia recovery through metaphor.Aphasiology,24(6-8), pp.685-696. Forthright, A.W., 2002.At the desire of the body: Reflections on sickness. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Dim, J.B., 2009. The intensity of narrating: Using account in the medicinal services context.Journal of Communication in Healthcare,2(3), pp.258-273. Longo, M.R. also, Haggard, P., 2012. What is it like to have a body?.Current Directions in Psychological Science,21(2), pp.140-145. Mazanderani, F., Locock, L. also, Powell, J., 2013. True to life esteem: towards a conceptualisation of the commodification of disease stories in contemporary healthcare.Sociology of wellbeing illness,35(6), pp.891-905. Naslund, J.A., Grande, S.W., Aschbrenner, K.A. also, Elwyn, G., 2014. Normally happening peer support through web based life: the encounters of people with serious psychological sickness utilizing YouTube.PLoS One,9(10), p.e

Pablo Picassos Bequest of Gertrude Essay -- Essays Papers

Pablo Picassos Bequest of Gertrude Pablo Picasso was a well known craftsman in his time. I have consistently discovered his work fascinating and one of a kind. He has a style all his own and, I accept this was what made him so popular and simultaneously disputable. The work of art I have picked is called â€Å"Gertrude†. Pablo Picasso was conceived in Spain to Jose Ruiz and Maria Picasso. He later embraced his mother’s increasingly recognized original surname Picasso. Picasso was a youngster wonder who was perceived as such by his craft instructor father who capably drove him along. Picasso was instructed for a couple of years and after he went to the Academy of compelling artwork in Curna Spain where his dad educated. Picasso’s early drawings, for example, Study of A Torso, After A Plaster Cast (1894-1895 Musee Picasso, Paris, France) exhibits the significant level of specialized capability he had achieved by the age of 14 years of age. (Encarta 2000) Picasso’s fine art is delegated current craftsmanship witch began in the mid 1880’s to the mid 1970’s. In 1885 his family moved to Barcelona, Spain after his dad got a showing post at that city’s institute of expressive arts. Picasso was confessed to cutting edge classes in the institute after he finished in a solitary day the selection test that candidates were generally given a month to finish. In 1897 Picasso left Barcelona to promote his examination at the San Fernando foundation in Madrid witch was situated in the Spanish capital. His scholastic investigations didn't keep going long in Madrid. He was discontent with the preparation he was accepting and he left and returned back to his home in Barcelona Spain. Picasso visited Paris some time around the mid 1900’s. After that visit he concluded that he would move back and fourth among Spain and Paris. He did this until 1904 when he at long last settled down in the French capital. Right now Picasso began to investigate and explore different avenues regarding diverse craftsmanship styles that were current. This part of his life is known as the blue time frame. This was a result of the blue tones Picasso’s artworks had. During the time of 1905 to 1906 an extreme change occurred in Picasso’s style of painting by and by. His selection of hues and state of mind were obvious in this time of his life. He utilized unobtrusive pinks and grays that were regularly featured by more splendid tones. This was tone as his rose period. (Rodenbeck, Compton's, Joseph) Along w... ...of them incorporate the Tragedy 1903, Girl Reading at the Table 1834, Crucifixion 1934, Dorra Maar 1937 thus numerous others. Picasso had an extremely interesting feeling of style. His ability and open investigation to attempt new and various things made him an incredible craftsman in his time. He had numerous gifts, he painted as well as, he was an artist, he did drawings, he worked with earthenware production and he was likewise an artist which nobody extremely new about. This is just a little look at this craftsman various life and profession as a craftsman. Picasso has contributed a ton to current craftsmanship. He has accomplished such a great deal and we have the benefit of having the option to see his work showed in exhibition halls. Book reference Compton’s Encyclopedia 2000 Eakin, Hugh. (Nov. 2000) Picasso’s Party Line. Craftsmanship News V. 99 no. 10 p. 186-90 Encarta Encyclopedia 2000 Lobby, James. (Winter 2000), Picasso As A Sculptor. Present day Painters v. 13 no4 p. 48-50 Joseph, Daniel. (Jan 2001), â€Å"Picasso: figures and portraits†: Kunstforum Wien. Craftsmanship News v. 100 no1 p. 160. Rodenbeck, Judith, Fall 1993 â€Å"Insistent Presence In Picasso’s Portrait of Gertrude Stein† Columbia University http://www.showgate.com/tots/Picasso/piclink.html

The United States, The Melting Pot Essays - American Culture

The United States, The Melting Pot Essays - American Culture The United States, The Melting Pot The United States has Changed from a Melting Pot to a Vast Culture with Varying Racial Backgrounds. The United States, made by mixing or ?dissolving? numerous societies together into one normal man, known as an American. ?Present day correspondence and transportation quicken mass relocations from one landmass . . .? to the United States (Schlesinger 21). Ethnic and racial decent variety will undoubtedly occur in the American culture. As movement detonated, ?. . . a faction of ethnicity ejected both between non Anglo whites and among nonwhite minorities.? (22). Up to this point, the main nation who has made a multiethnic culture work, was the United States. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur stated, in America ?. . . people of all countries are liquefied into another race of men.? Is this despite everything valid? The formation of the U.S. ?. . . was not to save old societies yet to fashion another, American culture. (Schlesinger 22). In the twentieth century, the blend isn't working, and the entire thought is enduring an onslaught (Evans 76). The United States has transformed from a mixture to a huge culture with shifting foundations. In a long time previously, America was an assortment of Chinese, Germans, Italians, Scots, Croats, and so on., all hankering opportunity. Today, even the straightforward idea of an English-talking country is blurring off the mainland. ?In the past times, foreigners were educated in English in the government funded schools.? (76). In America today, youngsters are educated in German, Italian, Polish, and 108 different dialects. The greater part of these schools are subsidized by 139 million government dollars. As of not long ago, wanderers in the United States ached for permission in the public eye's standard. Presently these gatherings request division from society, to have the option to save and moderate their traditions and dialects. The most serious issue with this interest, is whatever convenience happens, must be finished what's more, acknowledged by the getting society (Chavez 60). The expanding housing coordinated toward outsider culture stresses numerous Americans. Americans dread the exceptional treatment allowed to settlers will impact the binding together power of the nation. ?Today, the pattern is toward multiculturalism, assorted variety and adjusting the newcomer, instead of on the newcomer adjusting or herself to . . .? a differing society (61). Numerous Americans accept the country has lost control of its limits. Concerned if movement proceeds, the U.S. economy will endure, and that work will be rare. Foreigners ?. . .are flooding the government assistance rolls and are vigorously associated with crime.?(Morganthau 18). The expansion number of U. S. migrants effects the quantity of employments accessible. The issue is, workers are either profoundly qualified ( take American occupations) or are not exactly gifted in any field (increment government assistance). The view on migration today is one of a delay the economy, rather than a lift (18). In 1995, new migration laws transfigure the American culture. Therefore, races bunch together to protect their traditions. The present migration issue likewise expands the racial pressure confronting America today. One consequence of prejudice in the United States is detest gatherings and packs. Both have just a single thing in commonviolence! ?The very utilization of the term ?of shading? - which grasps blacks, . . .? Asians, Native Americans and Hispanics, ?. . . numerous whom are ethnically white - suggests that these unique gatherings are fortified just by not being of Northern European plummet.? (Henry III 73). One case of these abhor bunches is the Ku Klux Klan, known for their scorn toward African Americans, Catholics, and Jews. The developing decent variety of the American populace makes the fame of ?multiculturalism? furthermore, ?Political Correctness? detonate. The fundamental capacity of this furor is to raise minority confidence. Seen by a few, the obstruction this makes isn't to improve things. Multiculturalism joins gatherings and isolates them from the remainder of the nation. ?. . .Common freedoms and human rights is depicted as the base of all underhandedness . . . ? (Schlesinger 3). A positive methodology would have Americans quit considering themselves to be individuals from fundamentally one ethnic gathering, picking up their complete character from that gathering. White or dark, Hispanic or Asian, they should imagine themselves essentially as Americans. Brookhiser, Richard. ?The Melting Pot is

Can Antidepressants Make You Feel Worse

Can Antidepressants Make You Feel Worse Depression Treatment Medication Print Can Antidepressants Make You Feel Worse? By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on May 11, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids Rob Julia Campbell/Stocksy United While antidepressants are quite effective at relieving depression,?? it is possible that some patientsâ€"in particular, young peopleâ€"may temporarily feel worse when they first begin taking an antidepressant or when they make changes in their dosage. Black Box Warning In October 2004, the U.S. Federal Drug Administration (FDA) issued what is known as a black-box warning?? stating that certain antidepressants, when used in young people 24 years old and under, could increase their risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors. However, the FDA noted that there was no association found between antidepressant use and suicidal thoughts and behaviors in adults over the age of 24. In addition, antidepressants actually appeared to reduce the risk in adults aged 65 and older. This black box warning,?? which is the most serious type of warning that can be issued regarding a prescription medication, was ordered following a thorough review of all available clinical trials, including unpublished ones, regarding the use of antidepressants in children and adolescents. The study?? included a total of 24 short-term trials of nine different antidepressants used in over 4,400 child and adolescent patients. In addition, there were 295 short-term trials of 11 different antidepressants involving 77,000 adult patients. While the risk of suicidality varied between drugs, the pattern of seeing increased suicidality in young people remained true for almost all drugs studied. It should be noted that no suicides actually occurred among the young people studied. Although there were some suicides among the adults studied, the numbers were too few for any conclusions to be drawn about whether the antidepressants used were a causal factor. It must be borne in mind that depression is also a known risk factor for suicide and cannot be ruled out in these cases. The black box warning further suggests that patients of all ages should be monitored closely when they begin treatment with an antidepressant. They should be watched for any signs of worsening depression, increased suicidality, or changes in behavior. In addition, families and other caregivers should be instructed to contact the patients physician or another appropriate medical professional in the event that any problems occur. What to Watch For In particular, the FDA recommends that a healthcare provider be contacted if youâ€"or a person who you are caring forâ€"experience any of the following:?? Thoughts of suicide or deathSuicide attemptsNew or worsening depressionNew or worsening anxietyNew or worsening irritabilityFeelings of agitation or restlessnessPanic attacksProblems with sleepingAggression, anger or violenceImpulsivenessExtreme increases in activity or talking (signs of mania)Any other unusual changes in mood or behavior While a black box warning might cause some to feel concerned, they should be aware that the benefits to be obtained from treating depression with an antidepressant greatly outweigh the risks in the majority of cases. Untreated depression is quite serious and is much more likely to lead to suicide than is an antidepressant. The warning is simply provided so that people can be aware of this potential effect and take appropriate measures to get help if they do begin to feel worse.

Indian Economy Has Gone Through Many Phases Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Since 1991 till date Indian economy has gone through many phases. It has seen many contemporary developments in terms of changing trends in economic growth, inflation, fiscal deficits, capital investment flows (FDI FIIs),current account and capital accounts convertibility, foreign exchanges reserves etc. In 1991 when India faced major crunch of foreign exchange reserves, it opened up its economy and introduced many economic reforms with more thrust towards globalisation, privatisation and liberalisation. Over the years, out of these various economic contemporary phenomena, the one which has assumed great importance in the economic scenario of the Indian economy has been foreign capital flows (Foreign Institutional investments constituting major portion of total foreign investment in India ). These inflows have had both positive as well as negative impact on the health of the Indian economy. On the positive side, these capital inflows have raised the level of economic development by augmenting the domestic investment, contributed towards increased market capitalisation, more competitiveness in the capital market and widened financial intermediation. But at the same time, these capital inflows have also posed several threats to the economic and financial system of the recipient economy like inflationary trends, appreciation in exchange rate, overheating of the economy and unmanageable volatility in the capital market due to the possibility of their sudden withdrawal. Thus over the year s due to their increasing magnitude, the FII flows have impacted various economic factors in the Indian economy directly and indirectly like volatility in the stock market, risk-return patterns, inflationary trends, economic growth, foreign exchange reserves, decision on capital account convertibility and so on or vice versa. Over the years, FIIs have been showing diversified magnitude and changing trends with various underlying reasons for the same. During the initial year 1992-93, when the FII flows started flowing into India it just amounted to Rs 13 cr. because at this moment government was framing policy guidelines for FIIs. However within a year in 1993-94 the FIIs flow rose to `Rs. 5127 cr. increasing with 39338 percent because government had opened door for investment in India. Thereafter, the FII flows witnessed mixed trends over the years like from 1994-95 to 2008-09, FIIs showed negative comparative growth. However from 1995-96 to 2009-10, they have been showing comparative positive growth. There have been many reasons for these non patterned flows of FIIs in Indian economy. In 1997-98, FII inflow posted fall due to the South East Asian Currency Crisis. In 1998-99 FIIs also flew back. This was primarily due the economic sanctions imposed on India by US, Japan and other industrialized economies. These economic sanctions were the result of series of testing of nuclear bombs by India in May 1998. The slowdown in 2004-05 and 2005-06, 200 was on account of global uncertainties caused by hardening of crude oil prices and upturn in the interest rate cycle. During 2007-8 the whole world felt the heat of global financial crisis (popularly known as SUB-PRIME crisis) originated in USA. Even Indian economy could not remain unaffected from these global phenomena and in 2009-8-09 for the first time in the history since 1992 when FIIs first invested in Indian economy, it witnessed highest ever negative net investment outflow. During this period the gross purchases were ` 614575 and the gross sales were ` 6,60,386 Cr. It amounted to net out flow to the tune of ` 45,810 Cr. However as discussed earlier, FIIs flow has also shown positive trends over the last many years. In 2010 FIIs injected ` 1,12,000 cr.(net investment) in Indian equities. Even till date the trend is quite positive and F IIs has already made net investment to the tune of ` 7335 cr. till March 2011. It has been the experience over the years, Indian economy has not been immune to these FIIs flows. They have affected various economic factors of the economy considerably like volatility in the stock market, risk-return patterns, inflationary trends, and economic growth, foreign exchange reserves, market capitalisation of the companies listed with BSE, NSE, and government policy with regard to decision on capital account convertibility and so on or vice versa. Viewed from other perspective, there are many economic and financial determinants which have pulled and pushed the flows of FIIs into and out of India economy. Like Returns on Indian stock market, risk and inflation in foreign country might have positive impact on FIIs inflow whereas risk and inflation in domestic country and stock market returns in foreign country might have negative influence on FIIs investment to India. In addition to this, market capitalization, macro economic determinants like economic growth, liberalisati on policy (i.e. more capital account convertibility ) , burgeoning amount of foreign exchange reserves, decisions taken on tax benefits for FIIs in India might also have significant positive influence on FIIs flow in short-run as well long run. From time to time Government of India has taken many positive as well as precautionary initiatives to enhance the flow of FIIs into Indian economy but at the same time ensuring stability of stock market and protecting the interest of the shareholders. Like foreign firms and high net-worth individuals have been permitted to invest as sub-accounts of FIIs, FII ceiling under special procedure has been enhanced to 49 per cent, dual approval process of SEBI and RBI has got changed to single approval process of SEBI, Investment cap for FIIs in Government securities and corporate bonds has been increased and so on. Thus there are many perspectives attached with FIIs flows into Indian economy. From the problem of scarcity in the early 1990s to the problem of plenty now, the large foreign inflows into our economy has assumed utmost importance in recent times and managing such inflows have become a challenge in itself. Such inflows have thrown up new policy challenges as these inflows have influenced various macro level economic variables like inflation, , foreign exchange reserves, exchange rate (money value visa vis foreign currency), market capitalisation and so on etc. . Moreover, as India is in the process of liberalizing the capital account, it would have significant impact on the foreign investments and particularly on the FII, as this would affect the stability of the financial market in the short run as well as in the long run. And imposition of capital controls will reverse this process towards full convertibility of the rupee. This issue is extremely important for contemporary policy ma kers since managing such large FIIs inflows into India in recent times has come to haunt both the RBI and the Indian government.. Therefore in the light of the above scenario it has become important to study and analyse FIIs magnitude, trends , determinants and their impact upon various macro level factors, and the impact of policy decisions taken by Government of India, RBI, capital market regulator (SEBI) to enhance and the flow of FIIs. It is hoped the insight offered by this research work will help us to construct suitable policies in such a way that on the one hand the Indian economy will enjoy a large inflow of FIIs but at the same time there will not be unnecessary enhanced degree of volatility in the capital market. This will go a long way in cementing and consolidating the economic scenario of Indian economy in general and confidence of the investors in particular1. Review of Literature : Since 1990 till date several research studies have been undertaken on FIIs Flow in India. However their results have been mixed in nature and at certain time contradictory with each other also. Some of the major studies and their summarised findings have been discussed in the following pages: Classens (1993) analyzed the return and diversification benefits of investing for an investor in an industrial country with emerging markets and barriers which prevent a free flow of funds. Study found that equity portfolio flows can be affected by efficiency of domestic stock market as well as market segmentation created by barriers. Investors perception and attitude may thus matter as much as formal barriers. Chuhan (1994) analyzed portfolio switching behaviour by investors between different emerging markets. Study has found that institutional investors from Canada, Germany, Japan, United Kingdom (UK) and United States (US) have not contributed to the growth in portfolio investment in emerging markets (the countries where they have invested). These investors, who otherwise are major players in international capital markets, have approached developing countries securities markets with great caution. Institutional investors generally enter markets with significant liquidity, market capitalization and claim to have a longer time horizon in their risk return assessment than other investors such as performance based retail traders. Study concluded that any country that shows good track record in its reform process may expect to have a lower risk and e higher returns from portfolio investment, thus, consequently large portfolio flows are expected to go to such countries with good track records of liberalization, fiscal consolidation and regulatory reform than to those emerging markets that do not exhibit such a performance on sustained basis. Gooptu (1994) undertook research on Are Portfolio flows to Emerging Markets Complementary or Competitive He concluded that there is a competition between developing countries for portfolio investment from abroad. The study analyzed gross portfolio investment flows for a sample of eight emerging markets over the period of 1989 to 1993 using quarterly data. Four countries in each geographical region, namely, India, Indonesia, South Korea and Thailand in Asia while Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico in Latin America have been examined. All of these countries have experienced large portfolio investment inflows in recent years. However, the gross portfolio flows to Latin America has been observed to be more significantly related to East Asia (Indonesia, South Korea and Thailand) than those to South Asia i.e., India in this study. According to the study, it is important for the policy makers in the developing economies to provide right signals to international capital markets in terms of economic and domestic institutional reforms to successfully compete with other developing economies to attract portfolio investment from abroad. Study found that to attract more private capital flows policy makers must continue to provide right signal to foreign institutional investors in terms of economic and domestic institutional reforms that attract portfolio investment from abroad. Study concludes that there is a need to continue for increasing pace of reforms in any given emerging stock market in order to maintain the steady portfolio flows to developing countries. Agarwal (1997) found that world stock market capitalization had a favourable impact on the FPI in India. FII inflow depends on stock market returns, inflation rates (both domestic and foreign), and ex-ante risk. In terms of magnitude, the impact of stock market returns and the ex-ante risk turned out to be the major determinants of FII inflow. Kumar (2001) investigated the effects of FII inflows on the Indian stock market represented by the Sensex using monthly data from January 1993 to December 1997. Kumar (2001) inferred that FII investments are more driven by Fundamentals and they do not respond to short-term changes or technical position of the market. This finding is in contradiction with the findings of Rai and Bhanumurthy (2003) who did not find any causation from FII to return in BSE using similar data between 1994 and 2002. However, Rai and Bhanumurthy have also found significant impact of return in BSE on NFI. Chakrabarti (2002) made an empirical investigation to see the inter relationship between FIIs flows and equity returns in India in the Indian context. Following the Asian crisis and the bust of info-tech bubble internationally in 1998-99 the net FII declined substantially by US$ 61 million. Using the monthly data between May 1993 and Dec. 1999, Chakrabarti (2001) found that FII flows and stock returns are strongly correlated in India. The entire sample period was sub-divided into Pre-Asian Crisis and Post-Asian Crisis period to capture the impact of the Asian crisis on the net FII inflows. The study found that there appears to be significant differences in the nature of FII flows before and after the Asian crisis. In the pre-Asian crisis period any change in FII found to have a positive impact on the equity returns ( FIIs acted as independent variable and other variable like return acted as dependent variable). But in the post-Asian crisis period it was found the reverse relation exi sted that is the change in FII was mainly due to change in equity returns ( where FIIs acted as dependent and other variables like return acted as as independent variable). It was also found that FIIs did not have any informational disadvantage in comparison with domestic investors in India, since the US and world return were not significant in explaining FII flows. Besides, changes in country risk ratings for India did not appear to affect the FII flows. The beta of the Indian market with respect to SP 500 index seemed to affect the FII flows inversely, but the effect disappeared in the post-Asian crisis period. Thus there appeared to be significant differences in the perception of FII flows before and after the Asian crisis. In the post-Asian crisis period i.e. from 1998 onwards, returns on the BSE National Index became the sole driving force behind the FII flows. Eun Rensick (2002) observed that international portfolio Investment has been growing rapidly in recent years due to (a) deregulation of financial markets (b) introduction of new investment vehicles such as international mutual funds, country funds and internationally cross listed stocks which allow investors to achieve international diversification without incurring excessive costs. Despite sizable potential gains from international diversification, investors allocate a disproportionate share of their funds to domestic securities displaying the so called home bias. Home bias is likely to reflect imperfection in the international financial markets such as excessive transaction/information costs, discriminatory taxes for foreigners and legal/institutional barriers to international investments. Mukherjee P (2002 ) undertook research study on Foreign Institutional Investment in the Indian Equity Market. Contrary to the general perception of foreign investors activities having a strong demonstration effect and driving the domestic stock market in India, evidence from causality tests conducted suggests that FII flows to and from the Indian market tend to be caused by returns in the domestic equity market and not the other way round.( returns acted as the driving force i.e independent variable ) Batra A (2003) in their study on The Dynamics of Foreign Portfolio Inflows and Equity Returns in India used both daily and monthly data in order to understand the trading behaviour of FIIs and returns in Indian equity market. It was found that there is strong evidence of FIIs chasing trends and adopting positive feedback trading strategies at the aggregate level on a daily basis. However there is no evidence of positive feedback trading on a monthly basis. The results of our analysis also indicate that foreign investors have a tendency to herd together in their trading activity in India. The trading behaviour and biases of the FIIs do not appear to have a destabilizing impact on the equity market. Trivedi Nair (2003) in their study on Determinants of FII Investment Inflow to India concluded that any investments, either domestic or foreign, would depend heavily on the risk factors. Hence, while studying the behaviour of FII, it is important to consider the risk variable. But it was only Trivedi Nair who considered this factor in their study in 2003.. Further, they have decomposed it (risk) into realized risk (observed) ex-ante and unexpected risk. Ex ante risk is an observed component and is negatively related to FII. But the relationship between unexpected risk and FII is obscure. Hence, one needs to separate the unobserved component from the realized risk while examining the impact of risk on FII. Gordon and Gupta (2003) in their study on Portfolio Flows into India: Do Domestic Fundamentals Matter conclude that given the huge volume of investments, foreign investors could play a role of market makers and book their profits, i.e., they can buy financial assets when the prices are declining thereby jacking-up the asset prices and sell when the asset prices are increasing Hence, there is a possibility of bi-directional relationship between FII and the equity returns. Boss and Coondoo (2004) undertook study on Impact of FII regulations in India A time series intervention analysis of equity flows. In this study they examined the impact of regulations over FIIs in India and gave an interesting results that the restrictive measures aimed at achieving greater control over FII flows do not show any significant negative impact on the net inflows. They also found that FII restrictive policies mostly render FII Investments more sensitive to the domestic market returns and raise inertia of the inflow. Griffin and Nardari (2004) in their study titled Are daily cross-border equity flows pushed or pulled found that foreign flows are significant predictors of returns for Korea, Taiwan, Thailand and India, indicating that foreign investors are buying before market index increases. Increasing trends of FIIs inflows can act as a predictor for upward trend in the value of index or vice versa. FII and Stock Index show positive correlation, but fail to predict the future value. They also found that contemporaneous flows are positive and highly significant in India. Kumar SSS (2005) in his study on Role of Institutional Investors in Indian Stock Market examines the pulling and pushing role of Foreign Institutional Investors in Indian stock markets. He finds using granger causality test that the market movement can be explained using the direction of the funds flow from these investors. Rai and Bhanumurthy (2006) in their study on Determinants of Foreign Institutional Investment in India studied and analyzed the determinants of foreign institutional investment in India using monthly data from January 1994 to November 2004. The study revealed the positive association of FIIs investment with return on BSE Sensex, inflation in US (home country) ; and negative association with inflation in India (host country), return on SP 500 index, ex-ante risk on BSE and ex-ante risk on SP 500 index. Thus empirical estimates seems to be perfectly in consensus with the proposed theoretical model, except for ex-ante risk in US stock market, which adversely affects the FII flow to India. This could be due to the dominant position of US stock market. However, the ex-post risk neither in US nor in India affected FII inflow to India. Study also did not find any causation running from FII inflow to stock market returns in BSE as it was found by some existing studies (Gordon Gupta, 2003). Study concluded that stabilizing the stock market volatility and minimizing the ex-ante risk would help in attracting more FII inflows. Otherwise there would be adverse impact of non-fundamental factors on FII behaviour which in turn would affect the real economy in the long-run. They further studied the impact of news on FII flows and found that the FIIs reacted more (sell heavily) to bad news than to good news. Saji kumar (2006) in his study titled FII vs. Sensex: An Emerging Paradigm analyses the performance of Sensex in terms of market Capitalisation , movement of Sensex, Returns on Sensex, trade turnover and Sensex P/E ratio and found out that they are significantly related to the surge in FIIs inflows. The behaviour of returns on Sensex and volatility has been more stabilizing due to external inflows and the fluctuations are largely due to withdraws by the domestic equity holders during the period considered. Singh (2008) in his study on FII Investment Flow and SENSEX Movement concluded that there are many variables which contribute to the positive growth of the stock market. FIIs investment is considered to be one of the biggest push after the economic fundamentals got stronger. The liberalisation of the FII flows into the Indian Capital Market since 1993 has had a considerable impact on Indian stock market. Babu and Prabheesh (2008) in their study on Causal relationships between Foreign Institutional Investments and stock returns in India concluded that the FII investments in India are more stock returns driven. Perhaps the high rates of growth in recent times coupled with an increasing trend in corporate profitability has imparted buoyancy to the stock markets, triggering off high and thereby leading to return chasing behaviour by the FIIs. Chakraborty (2007) undertook study on Foreign Institutional Investment Flows and Indian Stock Market Returns: A Cause and Effect Relationship Study. The empirical investigation of the direction of causation between FII flows to India and Indian stock market returns over the time period from April 1997 to March 2005 has revealed that FII flows are caused by; rather than causing the national stock market returns. However, the Indian policy makers must adopt a cautious approach while further liberalizing the FII policy by instituting in-built cushion within the system against the possible destabilizing effects of sudden reversal of FII flows. Rajput Thaker (2008) in their study on Exchange Rate, FII and Stock Index Relationship in India concludes that in globalized world, exchange rate, FII and Stock Index are important economic variable and reflect underlying strength and stability of business and an economy. Earlier study findings have revealed positive, negative and mixed relationship amongst those variables. They measure the relationship and its predictive power for the period ranging from January 2000 to December, 2005, in the light of third generation reforms in India. Using simple correlation and regression analysis it is found that no long run positive correlation exists between exchange rate and Stock Index except for year 2002 and 2005. FII and Stock Index show positive correlation, but fail to predict the future value. Kumar and Gupta (2010), in their study on FII Flows to India: Economic Indicators concludes that the trading by the FIIs in the Indian stock market is registering sharp hike every year but their net investment is often registering negative growth rate. It can be said here that they are much interested in making short-term profit by trading in the market. Their investment is equity oriented which accounts around 95 percent of the total investment. It has also been found that share of FIIs cumulative investment in the total market capitalization is below five percent and share of trading by FIIs in the total stock market turnover is around 17 percent. Though enjoying a lesser share in the stock market, the FIIs have emerged as the big custodian in the Indian capital market. Research Gap: Despite a number of initiatives and actions action taken by Indian government , there has been apparent problem of unwarranted volatility in the capital market due to unpatterned flows of FII in Indian economy. Due to these reasons, research in the field of FII flows in Indian Economy has received good deal of attention both for academicians and policy makers. However most of the researches have included stock return as the deciding variable for studying the determinants of FII in India. Since FII investment in stock market is sentiment driven, it is affected more or less by everything. The crucial task is to settle down on critical determinants which affect the flows of FII in India. In addition, majority of the research works have offered mixed findings. Even there are some studies which have contradicted each other in terms of their findings pertaining to the same data base. Like Kumar (2001) and Gordon Gupta, 2003). Whose findings (who supported the view that there is positive causation from FII to return in BSE) are in contradiction with the findings of Rai and Bhanumurthy (2003) ( who did not find any causation from FII to return in BSE using similar data between 1994 and 2002). More over there is a void in the field of research on FII flows in India as far as empirical investigations are concerned. After going through the review of literature, it is found that study and analysis on FII flows, magnitude, trends, determinants and the impact of government decisions need intensive investigation. This could fill part of the existing knowledge gap. Hence the study will be undertaken with these objectives. Objectives: 1. To study and analyse the magnitude and trends of FII flows in India since 2000 and make estimate for the same till 2015. 2. To study and analyse the impact of FII on Indian economy with special reference to stock market, exchange rate and foreign exchange reserves. (inflation) 3. To study and analyse the policy initiatives taken by Government of India and their impact. 4.To study and analyse the factors ( political and economic) affecting FII flow in and out of India. Research Methodology: Research Design: The proposed study will be an empirical research aiming at exploring the relation between the FII flows and various economic and financial factors operating in home and foreign country. Data Period of study: Data used for the study will be secondary in nature and the period of study will be from 2000 to 2010. Nature of Data: Research will be based upon secondary data. Methodology: The data (secondary in nature) on FII flows (sale and purchase ), return , risk will be collected from various sources/sites and the same will be analysed elaborately underlying the reasons for the same. And for estimating FII flows for future period and analysis of the same the relevant statistical techniques (as per their applicability ) like correlation, regression, standard deviation, and various econometrics methods will be used.

Monetary Policy of the U.S Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Inflation has seen an upward spike in the first half of 2006 as a result of the increase in crude oil prices which has resulted in an upward price spiral on a diverse range of goods and services. Even after this spike, inflation did remain within expected parameters. It seems the American economy is undergoing a transition which is visible in the delayed effect of monetary policy. During the end of the year growth in service, industries remained strong with the weakest growth in the automobile and housing sector yet housing demand continued to be considered strong in a limited number of markets. Wages managed to grow moderately with some regional exceptions. The rise in long-term interest rates contributed to an increase in borrowing costs. Inflation has been higher than expected with the increase reflecting on the prices of a range of non-energy goods and services. In addition, an increase in housing rents has contributed to higher inflation. This rise in inflation is of more conc ern to the Federal Reserve than any recession fears because the achievement of price stability is one of the core objectives of Congress's mandate to the Federal Reserve. We will write a custom essay sample on Monetary Policy of the U.S or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page It is this lag between policy actions and their effects that the Federal Reserve analyzes and basis its policies upon. As Chairman Ben S. Bernanke said in his testimony to Congress (July 19th, 2006)

Causes of the Salem Witch Trials Political, Religious and...

Between the months of June to September of 1692, the infamous witch trials in Salem, Massachusetts resulted in the hanging of 19 men and women; the deaths of five others, including two children, while imprisoned in jail; the pressing to death of an 80-year old man, and the stoning of two dogs for collaborating with the Devil. Hundreds of others faced accusations and dozens more were jailed for months during the progress of the trials. For over three hundred years these events have not only captured the general publics imagination, but that of the academic community. Beginning with Charles Upham, in 1867, historians have attempted to explain the mass hysteria that swept through Salem in 1692. These accounts vary both in their†¦show more content†¦First, the Puritan religion was under direct attack from other religious groups including the Quakers and the Baptists. The Quakers, a religious sect newly founded in England, began coming to Massachusetts in 1656. Laws were enacted to prohibit their coming, but they came in defiance of the laws. Between 1659 and 1661 four people were hanged according to these new laws. Though the Puritans tried to defend themselves by the plea that they were defending the public peace, they were roundly condemned in England. By the mid-1670s, Quakers were protected by the English law and could conduct non-religious business in New England. Moreover, in 1654 the congregation of Cambridge Church was shocked by a statement from Henry Dunster, the highly respected president of Harvard College. While a baptismal service was in progress, he arose to dispute the practice of infant baptism as un-Biblical and proceeded to take each point from the pastors sermon and to answer it with Baptist views. He was silenced, stripped of his Harvard presidency and publicly rebuked. Those perceived as religious dissidents would be accused of witchcraft during the Salem trials. Arguably, the colony had previously been beset by religi ous dissidents, dealing with each episode without incurring a public outcry of a witchcraft conspiracy; however, this time there were other more alarming developments taking place within the colony. A longShow MoreRelatedReasons : The Causes Of The Salem Witch Trials741 Words   |  3 Pagesarrested in Salem, Massachusetts. All but one of these people were believed to be witches (Background Essay). Prior to the hearing in Salem witch trials were carried out in several different towns. â€Å"In 17th century New England witchcraft was a serious crime (Background Essay).† Two girls aged nine and 11, Betty Parris and Abigail Williams, identified a slave name Tituba and two other local women as witches. This led to the accused women being carted off to jail starting the Salem Witch Trials. WithoutRead MoreThe Causes of the Salem Witch Trials (DBQ)1337 Words   |  4 Pagesseem preposterous. Any behavior regarded as strange by fellow citizens was sufficient to hold a trial with a sentence of death. Though such scenarios seem unfathomable in our modern culture, it was a reality for hundreds of New England settlers. The causes of the famous outbreak of witch trials in Salem, Ma ssachusetts are rooted in social, economic, and political aspects of the late 17th century Salem community. Early New Englanders were unable to accept the increase in diversity and the break inRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Essay1349 Words   |  6 PagesBefore 1692, the supernatural was a part of people’s everyday normal life. This is so as people strongly believed that Satan was present and active on earth. Men and women in Salem Village believed that all the misfortunes that befell them were the work of the devil. For example, when things like infant death, crop failures or friction among the congregation occurred, people were quick to blame the supernatural. This concept first emerged in Europe around the fifteenth century and then spread toRead More Salem Lifestyle Triggers Death Essay1660 Words   |  7 PagesSalem Lifestyle Triggers Death The Salem Witchcraft Trials were part of an important time in colonial history. Taking place in 1692, the trials were triggered by a group of girls gathering to read palms. What started as a session of innocent palm readings, though, turned into a series of courtroom meetings. The trials resulted in chaos and disruption throughout the town of Salem. Various causes for the trials existed, but among these reasons were the religious state of the community, theRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Of 16921281 Words   |  6 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials were a sequence of hearings, prosecutions, and hangings of people who were thought to be involved in witchcraft in Massachusetts. These trials occurred between February 1692 and May 1693(The Salem Witch Trials, 1692. ). The Trials resulted in the execution of twenty people, in fact, most of them were women. The first of the trials began in several towns in the Province of Massachusetts Bay, such as Salem Village (currently known as Danvers), Salem Town, Ipswich, and Andover(SalemRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Queen Elizabeth1598 Words   |  7 Pagespart of that history is the origin of witch-hunt, or in oth er words, the execution of witches. Witchcraft was treated as the craft of wise at the very beginning. However, as the following behind witchcraft grew stronger, the conflict between the Christian religious and witchcraft finally lead to the bloody witch-hunt; but witch-hunt is not as simple as a conflict between two beliefs, in fact, the cause behind witch-hunt is the characteristic inside us. Witch-hunt represents not only the fear of witchcraftRead MoreEssay on Primary Sources for the Salem Witch Trials1731 Words   |  7 Pagescases of witch-hunting/trails and ultimate executions. The last recorded execution in England of an alleged witch is in 1682, though trials and accusations would still be brought alleged witches right up until the 1800’s both in England and on the continent in most cases /crown rule where witch-hunting/trials and executions took place, probably the most famous and certainly one of the most written about witching episodes is that of Witch Trials of Salem, Massachusetts. The Salem Trials took placeRead MoreImpact of Religion on American History to 1877934 Words   |  4 Pagesweather. Politics and people are widely impacted by religion. Religion is the primary cause of most wars in countries across the world. Many historians believe America was formed on the basis of religion. In this research paper, I will illustrate the impact religion had on American History to 1877. Specifically, it will examine: 1) Major events impacting traditional religious beliefs in America, 2) Religious disputes which impacted land development, and 3) The impact religion had on slavery.Read MoreSalem Witch Trials : Legal Proceedings1338 Words   |  6 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials, also know as the Salem Witchcraft Trials were legal proceedings which took place of course in the Salem Village of Massachusetts. These trials began during the spring of 1692, after a group of young girls in the village, claimed to be possessed by the devil accusing several local women of practicing the craft. Victims were prosecuted and executed for reputedly practicing witchcraft, when little to no evidence of the act itself existed. This historical period resulted in twentyRead MoreWhat Caused The Salem Witch Trials?1331 Words   |  6 PagesWhat Caused the Salem Witch Trials? The Salem Witch Trials are one of the most infamous events in American history, with Salem Massachusetts drawing thousands of visitors and generating millions of dollars every year, regardless of the fact that the trials did not actually take place in modern day Salem. The Salem Witch Trials took place between 1692 and 1693. By the time the court admitted that the trials had been a mistake, more than 200 people had been accused of witchcraft and 20 had been executed

10 U.S. Cities That See White Christmases Every Year

Gore Vidal and Legalization of Marijuana - 1243 Words

Gore Vidal, An American writer acknowledge for writing plays, essays, and novels is also famously known for the essay â€Å"Drugs: Case for legalizing Marijuana.† In this essay, he talks about the effects of legalizing Marijuana. As he begins to talk about the possible ways of stopping addiction, he analyzes modern society while critiquing the flaws of preventative laws against illegal substances. Using himself as an approach to explain that addiction does not occur after one intake; however after various usage. Vidal testifies that he has experimented with almost all illegal substances and can attest that he has not became addicted to any of them (Vidal). Realizing that the solution to preventing drug addiction in America is a simple task, Vidal solution is to make all drugs available, while selling them at a cost. When putting all illegal substances on the market, a label detailing the affects, good or bad, when a person consumes such substances (Vidal). As people are entitl e to their own actions, it is impossible to completely rid the world, much a country, of drug addiction. Vidal explains that everyone in this world is not sane and that there will be addicts and substance abusers. Similar to those who choose to end their life, the issue will remain persistent only just at a reduce minimum (Vidal). Realizing that due to a substances illegalization, people tend to crave more of the substance because it is not allowed. With all substances, including Marijuana, becomes legalizedShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1011 Words   |  5 Pageseveryone has lost there mind right? This very statement would categorize you as a crazy individual. California only recently legalized Marijuana and that has not yet taken into effect and now we’re talking about legalizing every drug? Although all of this sound like crazy talk, legalizing every drug would actually have positive outcomes. In the essay â€Å"Drugs† by Gore Vidal, the author explained that by legalizing every drug it would help the U.S stop most drug addictions. In this aspect I agree with theRead More Drug Legalization Essay957 Words   |  4 PagesDrug Legalization Drug abuse has progressively, over the last thirty years, become a tool for crime organizations and bureaucracies, independent and under the control of the federal government, used to transform drug addiction into a profit through the passage of countless laws against drug abuse. Gore Vidals assertive essay communicated his belief that drug addiction should be legalized in order to ensure the eventual well-being and individual freedom guaranteed to Americans by the constitutionRead Morecritical analysis of Drugs by Vidal Gore1446 Words   |  6 Pages Critical Response of ‘Drugs-Vidal Gore’ The article ‘Drugs’ by Gore Vidal was written in order to pace forward a tough case for legalizing all types of drugs in United States of America. He tends to explain the basic human philosophy and the chronological happenings to bring forward this obstacle. First and foremost he brings into front three main arguments concerning the usage of drugs. He deems and strongly claims that by making the drugs illegal does not help toRead MoreThe Political Leadership For Ending The Drug War872 Words   |  4 Pagesname another political issue, other than the legalization of drugs, which would better accomplish the party’s goals for reducing government spending while benefitting the private sector. The Republican Party has somehow successfully attached itself to the drug war while selling fears of â€Å"big government† and â€Å"the nanny state.† Republicans tout the virtues of free markets, yet they apparently don’t feel those same virtues apply to a free society. As Gore Vidal once stated, they prefer â€Å"laissez faire† economicsRead MoreEssay on American Drug Abuse1236 Words   |  5 Pagesin it for anyone (Vidal 197).† Marijuana prohibition alone costs taxpayers over $7.5 billion annually. It has been proven in the past that prohibition only increases the allure of drugs. Drug prohibition disproportionately impacts minorities. Blacks and Hispanics are over-represented both in numbers of arrests and in the numbers of drug offenders incarcerated. These two races make up 20 percent of the marijuana smokers in the United States, but comprise 58 percent of the marijuana offenders sentenced

The Secret Circle The Initiation Chapter Five Free Essays

The gray cashmere sweater or the blue-and-white Fair Isle cardigan, that was the question. Cassie stood in front of the gilt-framed mirror, holding first one and then the other in front of her. The blue cardigan, she decided; blue was her favorite color, and it brought out the blue of her eyes. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Circle: The Initiation Chapter Five or any similar topic only for you Order Now The plump cherubs on top of the old-fashioned looking glass seemed to agree, smiling at her approvingly. Now that the first day of school had actually come, Cassie found that she was excited. Of course, she was nervous too, but it wasn’t the stark and hopeless dread she’d expected to feel. There was something interesting about beginning school in a new place. It was like starting her life over. Maybe she’d adopt a whole new personality. Back home, her friends would probably describe her as â€Å"nice, but shy† or â€Å"fun, but kind of quiet.† But no one here knew that. Maybe this year she’d be Cassie the Extrovert or even Cassie the Party Girl. Maybe she’d even be good enough for the girl with the shining hair. Cassie’s heart beat more quickly at the thought. It all depended on first impressions. It was vital she get off to a good start. Cassie pulled on the blue sweater and anxiously checked her reflection again in the mirror. She wished there were something more to do with her own hair. It was soft and it waved slightly, with pretty highlights, but she wished she could do something more dramatic with it. Like the girl in this ad – she glanced at the magazine open on the dressing table. She’d bought it specially when she’d driven into town last week so she could see the back-to-school fashions. She’d never gotten the courage to walk up to the yellow Victorian house again, although she’d cruised by it slowly in her grandmother’s Volkswagen Rabbit, hoping vainly to bump into the girl â€Å"accidentally.† Yes, tomorrow she’d pull her hair back like the model in the ad, she decided. Just as she was about to step away, something on the opposite page of the magazine caught her eye. A horoscope column. Her birth sign, Cancer, seemed to be staring out at her. Automatically her eyes followed the words after it. That daggy insecure feeling has got you again. It’s time for positive thinking! If that doesn’t work, remember that nothing lasts forever. Try not to make waves in your personal relationships this month. You’ve got enough to cope with already. Horoscopes are such garbage, Cassie thought, closing the magazine with a slap. Her mother had always said so, and it was true. â€Å"That daggy insecure feeling† – just telling someone they felt insecure was enough to make them feel it! There was nothing supernatural about that. But if she didn’t believe in the supernatural, what was the chalcedony lucky piece doing in the zipper compartment of her backpack? Setting her jaw, she took it out and put it in her jewelry box, then went downstairs to say good-bye. The school was an impressive three-story red brick building. So impressive that after Cassie had parked the Rabbit, she was almost afraid to go any closer. There were several narrow paths that led up the hill, and she finally nerved herself to take one. At the top her throat closed and she simply stared. God, it looked like a college or something. Like a historical landmark. The bold stone facing on the front read NEW SALEM HIGH SCHOOL, and below was a sort of crest with the words Town of New Salem, Incorporated 1693. Was that how old this town was? Three hundred years? Back in Reseda, the oldest buildings around had been there for maybe fifty years. I am not shy, Cassie told herself, forcing herself to walk forward. I am Cassie the Confident. An incredibly loud roar made her head jerk around, and sheer instinct sent her jumping to the side just in time to avoid being run over. Heart pounding, she stood and gawked at what had almost hit her. It was a motorcycle on the bike path. But even more astonishing was its rider – a girl. She was wearing tight black jeans and a motorcycle jacket, and her trim, athletic body looked tough. But when she turned around after parking the motorcycle by a bike rack, Cassie saw that her face was ravishingly pretty. It was small and feminine, framed by tumbling dark curls, and marred only by a sullen, belligerent expression. â€Å"What are you staring at?† the girl demanded suddenly. Cassie started. She supposed she had been staring. The girl took a step forward, and Cassie found herself stepping back. â€Å"I’m sorry – I didn’t mean to – † She tried to tear her eyes away, but it was hard. The girl was wearing a skimpy black midriff top under the jacket, and Cassie glimpsed what looked like a small tattoo just above the material. A tattoo of a crescent moon. â€Å"I’m sorry,† Cassie said again, helplessly. â€Å"You better be. You keep out of my face, get it?† You were the one who almost ran me over, Cassie thought. But she nodded hastily, and to her vast relief the girl turned away. God, what a horrible way to start the first day of school, Cassie thought, hurrying toward the entrance. What a horrible person to be the first one you spoke to. Well, at least after a beginning like that, things could only get better. All around her teenagers were greeting one another, shouting hello; the girls giggling and hugging, the boys horsing around. It was an excited bustle, and everybody seemed to know everybody else. Except Cassie. She stood looking at the fresh haircuts of the guys, the brand-new clothes of the girls, smelling the scents of too much perfume and unnecessary aftershave and feeling more alone than she ever had in her life. Keep moving, she told herself sternly. Don’t stand around looking for that girl – find your first class. Maybe you’ll see somebody there who’s alone, and you can talk to them. You’ve got to look extroverted if you want people to think you are. Her first class was writing for publication, an English elective, and Cassie was glad she had it. She liked creative writing, and the Program of Studies had said that the class would offer opportunities for publication in the school literary magazine and newspaper. She’d worked on the newspaper in her old school; maybe she could here, too. Of course, the Program also said you had to sign up for writing for publication the previous spring, and Cassie still couldn’t quite understand how her grandmother had gotten her enrolled just before school started. Maybe her grandmother had special pull with the administration or something. She found the class without much trouble and took an inconspicuous desk near the back. The room was filling up, and everyone seemed to have someone to talk to. Nobody took the slightest notice of Cassie. She began doodling ferociously on the front of her notebook, trying to look totally involved in it, trying to look as if she weren’t the only one in class sitting alone. â€Å"You’re new, aren’t you?† The boy in front of her had turned around. His smile was genuinely friendly, but it was also dazzling, and she had a feeling he knew exactly how dazzling it was. His hair was auburn and curly, and it was clear that when he stood, he’d be very tall. â€Å"You’re new,† he said again. â€Å"Yes,† said Cassie, and was furious to hear her voice shake. But this guy was so good-looking†¦ â€Å"I’m Cassie Blake. I just moved here from California.† â€Å"I’m Jeffrey Lovejoy,† he said. â€Å"Oh,† Cassie said, trying to make it sound as if she’d heard of him before, since this seemed to be what he expected. â€Å"Center on the basketball team,† he said. â€Å"Also captain.† â€Å"Oh, how great.† Oh, how stupid. She had to do better than this. She sounded brainless. â€Å"I mean – that must be really interesting.† â€Å"Are you interested in basketball? Maybe we could talk about it sometime.† Suddenly Cassie felt very grateful to him. He was ignoring her blundering, her lameness. Okay, so maybe he liked to be admired, but what difference did that make? He was nice, and it would definitely improve her status to be seen around the campus with him. â€Å"That would be great,† she said, wishing she could think of another adjective. â€Å"Maybe – maybe at lunch†¦Ã¢â‚¬  A shadow fell over her. Or at least that was how it felt. In any case, she was aware, all at once, of a presence at her side, a presence that made her voice trail off blankly as she looked up, wide-eyed. A girl was standing there, the most striking girl Cassie had ever seen. A big, beautiful girl, both tall and voluptuous. She had a mane of pitch-black hair and her pale skin was touched with the glow of confidence and power. â€Å"Hello, Jeffrey,† she said. Her voice was low for a girl’s; vibrant and almost husky. â€Å"Faye.† Jeffrey’s voice, by contrast, was noticeably unenthusiastic. He looked tense. â€Å"Hi.† The girl leaned over him, one hand on the back of his chair, and Cassie caught the scent of some heady perfume. â€Å"I didn’t see much of you over summer vacation,† she said. â€Å"Where’ve you been?† â€Å"Around,† Jeffrey said lightly. But his smile was forced, and his entire body was taut now. â€Å"You shouldn’t keep yourself hidden away like that. Naughty boy.† Faye leaned in closer yet. She was wearing an off-the-shoulder top – completely off both shoulders. It left a great deal of skin exposed just at Jeffrey’s eye level. But it was her face Cassie couldn’t help staring at. She had a sensuous, sulky mouth and extraordinary honey-colored eyes. They seemed almost to glow with a strange golden light. â€Å"You know, there’s a new horror movie at the Capri this week,† she said. â€Å"I like horror movies, Jeffrey.† â€Å"I can take them or leave them myself,† Jeffrey said. Faye chuckled, a rich, disturbing sound. â€Å"Maybe you just haven’t seen them with the right girl,† she murmured. â€Å"Under the proper circumstances, I think they can be very†¦ stimulating.† Cassie felt embarrassed blood rise to her cheeks, though she scarcely knew why. Jeffrey wet his lips, looking fascinated in spite of himself, but also scared. Like a rabbit in a trap. â€Å"I was going to take Sally down to Gloucester this weekend – † he began, voice strained. â€Å"Well, you’ll just have to tell Sally that†¦ something came up,† Faye said, raking him with her eyes. â€Å"You can come get me Saturday night at seven.† â€Å"Faye, I – â€Å" â€Å"Oh, and don’t be late, all right? I hate it when boys are late.† All this time, the black-haired girl had not even glanced at Cassie. But now, as she straightened up to leave, she did. The look she turned on Cassie was sly and secretive, as if she were perfectly aware that Cassie had been listening, and she liked it. Then she turned back to Jeffrey. â€Å"Oh, and by the way,† she said, lifting one hand in a languid gesture that showed off her long red nails, â€Å"she’s from Crowhaven Road too.† Jeffrey’s jaw dropped. He stared at Cassie a moment with an expression of shock and distaste, and then he quickly turned around to face the front of the room. Faye was chuckling as she walked away to take a seat at the very back. What is going on? Cassie thought wildly. What difference did it make where she lived? The only thing she could see now of Jeffrey-of-the-dazzling-smile was his rigid back. She had no time to think anything more, because the teacher was talking. He was a mild-looking man with a graying beard and glasses. He introduced himself as Mr. Humphries. â€Å"And since you’ve all had a chance to talk during your summer vacation, now I’ll give you a chance to write,† he said. â€Å"I want each of you to write a poem, right now, spontaneously. We’ll read some of them aloud afterward. The poem can be about anything, but if you have trouble thinking of a subject, write about your dreams.† There were groans from the class, which gradually died into silence and pen chewing. But Cassie bent over her notebook with her heart beating rapidly. A vague memory of her dream of last week intruded, the one where her mother and grandmother had stood over her. But she didn’t want to write about that. She wanted to write about him. After a few minutes she scribbled down a line. When Mr. Humphries announced that the time was up, she had a poem, and reading it over she felt a thin chill of excitement. It was good – or at least she thought so. What if the teacher called on her to read it out loud? She didn’t want him to, of course, but what if he made her, and what if somebody else in class thought it was good and wanted to talk to her afterward? Maybe they’d ask her about the guy in the poem, and then she could tell them the mysterious and romantic story about him. Maybe she’d get a reputation for being kind of mysterious and romantic herself. Maybe the girl in the Victorian house would hear about her†¦ Mr. Humphries was calling for volunteers. Predictably, no hands were raised†¦ until one went up in the back. The teacher hesitated. Cassie turned to see that the raised hand had long red nails. â€Å"Faye Chamberlain,† Mr. Humphries said at last. He sat on the edge of his desk as the tall, striking girl came to stand beside him, but Cassie had the oddest feeling that he would have moved away if he could. An almost palpable air of tension had filled the room, and all eyes were on Faye. She tossed her glorious mane of black hair back and shrugged, causing her off-the-shoulder top to slip down a little lower. Tilting her head back, she smiled slowly at the class and held up a piece of paper. â€Å"This is my poem,† she said in her lazy, husky voice. â€Å"It’s about fire.† Shocked, Cassie looked down at the poem on her own desk. Then Faye’s voice caught her attention. I dream about fire – Tongues of flame licking me. My hair burns like a torch; My body burns for you. Touch my skin and your fingers will stick – You’ll blacken like a cinder. But you’ll die smiling; Then you’ll be part of the fire too. As the entire class watched, riveted, Faye produced a match and somehow – Cassie didn’t quite see how – managed to light it. She touched it to the paper and the paper caught fire. Then, walking slowly, she moved to stand directly in front of Jeffrey Lovejoy, waving the burning paper gently before his eyes. Howls, whistles, and desk banging from the audience. Many of them looked scared, but most of the guys looked excited, too. Some of the girls looked as if they wished they dared to do something like that. Voices called out, â€Å"See, Jeffrey, that’s what you get for being so cute!† â€Å"Go for it, man!† â€Å"Watch out, Jeff, Sally’s gonna hear about this!† Jeffrey just sat there, the back of his neck slowly flushing dull red. As the paper was about to burn her fingers, Faye sashayed away from Jeffrey again and dropped it in the metal wastebasket by the teacher’s desk. Mr. Humphries didn’t flinch when something in the wastebasket flared up, and Cassie admired him for that. â€Å"Thank you, Faye,† he said evenly. â€Å"Class, I think we can call what we’ve just seen an example of†¦ concrete poetry. Tomorrow we’ll study some more traditional methods. Class dismissed.† Faye walked out the door. There was an instant’s pause; then, as if everyone had been released by a spring, a sudden mass exodus. Jeffrey grabbed his notebook and was gone. Cassie looked at her own poem. Fire. She and Faye had both written about the same thing†¦ Suddenly she tore the sheet out and, crumpling it into a ball, thrust it into her backpack. So much for her dreams of being romantic and mysterious. With a girl like that around, who was ever going to notice Cassie? And yet they all seemed almost afraid of her, she thought. Even the teacher. Why didn’t he give her a detention or something? Or is lighting fires in trash cans normal in New Salem? And why did Jeffrey let her hit on him that way? And why did he care where I live, for God’s sake? In the hall, she nerved herself to stop someone and ask where room C310 was. â€Å"It’s on the third floor,† the girl said. â€Å"All the math classes are. Go up that stairway – â€Å" â€Å"Yo! Look out! Heads up, everybody!† a shouting voice interrupted. Something was whizzing down the hall, scattering students right and left from its path. Two somethings. Dumbfounded, Cassie saw that it was two guys on roller blades, laughing and bellowing as they tore through the crowd. Cassie had a glimpse of disheveled shoulder-length blond hair and almond-shaped, slightly tilted blue-green eyes as one passed – and then she saw it all again as the second one streaked by. The boys were identical, except that one was wearing a Megadeth T-shirt and the other’s said Motley Cre. They were creating chaos as they went, knocking books out of people’s arms and grabbing at girls’ clothes. As they reached the end of the hallway, one of them caught a pretty redhead’s miniskirt and deftly flipped it up to waist level. The girl shrieked and dropped her backpack to push it down. â€Å"Why doesn’t somebody do something?† Cassie blurted out. Was everybody in this school crazy? â€Å"Why doesn’t somebody stop them – or report them – or something. †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Are you kidding? Those are the Henderson brothers,† the girl said, and she walked away, joining another girl. Cassie heard a fragment of a sentence float back: â€Å"†¦ doesn’t even know about the Club†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and both girls glanced back at her, then walked on. What Club? That girl had said it as if it had capital letters. What did a club have to do with breaking school rules? What kind of place was this? Another bell rang, and Cassie realized that she was now late for class. She slung her backpack over her shoulder and ran for the stairs. By lunchtime, she still hadn’t exchanged more than a â€Å"hi† or â€Å"hello† with anyone, no matter how she tried. And she hadn’t seen the girl with the shining hair anywhere – not that that was really surprising, considering the many floors and corridors of this school. In her present state of insecurity, Cassie wouldn’t have dared to approach the girl if she had seen her. A leaden, miserable feeling had settled in her stomach. And one glance at the glass-walled cafeteria teeming with laughing students made her knees go weak. She couldn’t face it. She just didn’t have the nerve. Arms wrapped around herself, she walked away and kept walking. She walked right through the main entrance and out the door. She didn’t know where she was going – maybe she was going home. But then she saw the lush green grass of the hill. No, she decided; I’ll just eat here. Partway down the hill there were several craggy outcrops of natural rock, and she found she could sit comfortably in a little hollow below one, shaded by a tree. She was shielded by the rock from the school; it was almost as if the school didn’t exist. She could look down a flight of meandering steps to the bottom of the hill and the road beyond, but no one from above could see her. As she sat, looking at the dandelions dotting the grass, the tension gradually drained out of her. So what if the morning hadn’t been the greatest? Things would be better this afternoon. The clear blue sky seemed to tell her that. And the rock at her back – the famous red granite of New England – gave her a feeling of security. It was strange, but she almost felt she could hear a buzzing in the rock, like a heartbeat tremendously speeded up. A buzzing of life. If I put my cheek to it, I wonder what would hap-pen? she thought with a curious excitement. Voices distracted her. Dismayed, Cassie knelt up to look over the top of the rock – and tensed. It was that girl, Faye. There were two other girls with her, and one of them was the biker who’d nearly run Cassie over that morning. The other was a strawberry blond with a tiny waist and the most well-developed chest Cassie had ever seen on a teenager. They were laughing and sauntering down the steps – right toward Cassie. I’ll just stand up and say hi, Cassie thought, but she didn’t. The memory of those disturbing honey-colored eyes was still with her. She kept quiet and hoped they’d pass her by, go all the way down the hill and off campus. Instead they stopped on the landing just above Cassie, sitting with their feet on the steps below and pulling out paper lunch bags. They were so close that Cassie could see the red stone blazing at Faye’s throat. Although she was in shadow now, if she moved they wouldn’t be able to miss her. She was trapped. â€Å"Did anybody follow us, Deborah?† Faye asked lazily as she rummaged through her backpack. The biker girl snorted. â€Å"Nobody’s stupid enough to try.† â€Å"Good. Because this is top secret. I don’t want you-know-who to hear anything about it,† Faye said. She took out a stenographer’s notebook with a red cover and laid it on her knee. â€Å"Now let me see, what shall we do to start this year off? I feel like something really wicked.† How to cite The Secret Circle: The Initiation Chapter Five, Essay examples

Oedipus Essay Paper Example For Students

Oedipus Essay Paper OedipusD.T. Suzuki, a renowned expert on Zen Buddhism, called attention to thetopic of free will in one of his lectures by stating that it was the battle ofGod versus Man, Man versus God, God versus Nature, Nature versus God, Manversus Nature, Nature versus Man1. These six battles constitute an ultimatelygreater battle: the battle of free will versus determinism. Free will is thatability for a human being to make decisions as to what life he or she would liketo lead and have the freedom to live according to their own means and thuschoose their own destiny; determinism is the circumstance of a higher beingordaining a mans life from the day he was born until the day he dies. Freewill is in itself a far-reaching ideal that exemplifies the essence of whatmankind could be when he determines his own fate. But with determinism, a manhas a predetermined destiny and fate that absolutely cannot be altered by theman himself. Yet, it has been the desire of man to avoid the perils that hisfate ho lds and thus he unceasingly attempts to thwart fate and the will of thedivine.. Within the principle of determinism, this outright contention to divinemandate is blasphemous and considered sin. This ideal itself, and the wholeconcept of determinism, is quite common in the workings of Greek and Classicalliterature. A manifest example of this was the infamous Oedipus of The ThebanPlays, a man who tried to defy fate, and therefore sinned. The logic of Oedipus transgression is actually quite obvious, andOedipus father, King Laius, also has an analogous methodology and transgression. They both had unfortunate destinies: Laius was destined to be killed by his ownson, and Oedipus was destined to kill his father and marry his mother. This wasthe ominous decree from the divinatory Oracle at Delphi. King Laius feared theOracles proclamation and had his son, the one and only Oedipus, abandoned on amountain with iron spikes as nails so that he would remain there to eventuallydie. And yet, his attempt to obstruct fate was a failure, for a kindly shepherdhappened to come upon the young Oedipus and released him from the grips of death. The shepherd then gave the young boy to a nearby king who raised him as his own,and consequently named him Oedipus, which meant swollen feet. Upon Oedipusascension to manhood, the Oracle at Delphi once again spewed its prophecy forth,this time, with the foretelling that Oedipus shall kill his father, whom hethought to be the king that had raised him as his own, and marry his mother. Oedipus, like Laius, was indeed frightened of such a dire fate, and thusresolved to leave his land and never return, so that the prophesy may not befulfilled. Oedipus tried to travel as far away from home as he possibly could,and along his journey, he crossed paths with a man who infuriated him with hisrudeness. Oedipus killed the man without the knowledge that that man was indeedhis father Laius and ultimately, half of the prophecy had been fulfilled. Andwhen he came to Thebes, the remaining portion of the prophecy was fulfilled ashe became the champion of the city with his warding off the Sphinx, hencewinning the hand of his own mother Jocasta in marriage. Together they bore fourchildren, and Oedipus dire fate had been fulfilled, all without his knowledge. The Theban Plays begin with a plague that ravages the city of Thebes, andOedipus sets out to find the cause. At length, he discovers that he himself isthe cause for he was guilty of both patricide and incest. When that realizationis manifested, the utter shock and disgust of the horrific situation causes thetormented and disillusioned Oedipus to blind himself of a self-inflicted wound2. .u0fe950294931a0ba3aa19405ec05a7e1 , .u0fe950294931a0ba3aa19405ec05a7e1 .postImageUrl , .u0fe950294931a0ba3aa19405ec05a7e1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0fe950294931a0ba3aa19405ec05a7e1 , .u0fe950294931a0ba3aa19405ec05a7e1:hover , .u0fe950294931a0ba3aa19405ec05a7e1:visited , .u0fe950294931a0ba3aa19405ec05a7e1:active { border:0!important; } .u0fe950294931a0ba3aa19405ec05a7e1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0fe950294931a0ba3aa19405ec05a7e1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0fe950294931a0ba3aa19405ec05a7e1:active , .u0fe950294931a0ba3aa19405ec05a7e1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0fe950294931a0ba3aa19405ec05a7e1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0fe950294931a0ba3aa19405ec05a7e1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0fe950294931a0ba3aa19405ec05a7e1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0fe950294931a0ba3aa19405ec05a7e1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0fe950294931a0ba3aa19405ec05a7e1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0fe950294931a0ba3aa19405ec05a7e1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0fe950294931a0ba3aa19405ec05a7e1 .u0fe950294931a0ba3aa19405ec05a7e1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0fe950294931a0ba3aa19405ec05a7e1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Analysis Of Maltese Falcon EssayAccording to some scholars, this was the retribution he paid for his crime, butothers would argue that Oedipus had no choice in the matter and simply hadfulfilled his destiny. The latter argument seems to be more convincing becauseOedipus does not consciously know of what he was doing at the time, and thus,his crime was not entirely premeditated. And one cannot condemn ignorance nomore than one can realistically condemn good intentions, for Oedipus was bothtruly unaware of what he had done and of no desire to harm whom he had thoughtto be his parents. In the aspect

Organizational Design and Structure free essay sample

Each person assumes a role within the organization, and the organizational structure determines the reporting relationship between the individuals. The organizations strategy determines the organizational structure that will work best for a business at a particular point in time. For example, a small business that hires only experienced personnel, who require limited supervision, will likely adopt a different organizational structure than will a business that hires a number of recent college graduates, who require extensive supervision. (McShane and Steen, p. 362). In this assignment I would like to offer to your attention an ABC Ltd. IT company, it’s organizational structure, job design and other segments of corporate system. All organizational structures include two fundamental requirements: the division of labour and the coordination of that labour so that employees are able to accomplish common goals. (McShane and Steen, p. 364). ABC Ltd. is a large IT company with divisional organizational design. ABC’s design is organized around products, projects, and markets. Each division includes its own functional specialists typically organized into departments. A company has North American division, exploration division, marketing division, production divisions and others. Divisions are relatively autonomous and consist of products and services and are different from those of other divisions. Divisions executives help determine product-market and financial objectives, manage their own hiring, budgeting and advertising. Using this structure, division heads have decision-making power, which they rely on to respond to changes in their particular markets or areas of responsibility quickly. In addition, one division might compete with another division for resources and market standing, just as one company competes with another. A divisional organizational structure helps ABC Ltd. to segregate large sections of the companys business into semi-autonomous groups. These groups are mostly self-managed and focused upon a narrow aspect of the companys products or services. As with any organization structure, divisions have both strengths and weaknesses (advantages and disadvantages). Advantages: A divisional structure provides some distinct advantages for large organizations. Each division can specialize and focus its efforts on its particular product, service or market and not be distracted by competing interests. Since each division is semi-autonomous, operational decisions that you need to make are made by employees closest to the specific issues and problems. Not only are these employees closer to the problem, they also tend to have the specialized knowledge and skills best suited to resolve the problem. The divisional structure also provides a great deal of flexibility for the overall organization because each division operates separately and focuses on the most pressing issues facing it rather than being triaged by a central authority. In other words, the leader of each division can focus on the specific goals of his division and leave the overall strategic management of the company to the folks at the corporate headquarters. Additionally, it may be easier to pinpoint problems in the overall organization and hold specific divisions, and their leadership, accountable. Finally, a hierarchy is still maintained by a central authority, but it is limited to providing the strategy for the entire organization and coordinating its implementation across divisions. In other words, a corporate headquarters will generally let you do what you have to do to achieve your divisional goals, but will work with you to implement general corporate strategy and help you work with other divisions as necessary. Disadvantages: In spite all the strengths of the divisional structure, it also has some weaknesses. Maintaining an appropriate balance of power between the central authority and the divisions is often difficult. Corporate headquarters will want to maintain sufficient control to direct general business strategy, but if it is overzealous, the company will lose the flexibility that semi-autonomous divisions provide. Divisions must have operational freedom to achieve goals specific to the division, such as creating a new product, but still concede to the strategy provided by the organizational headquarters, such as the general market the company wants to target for the new product. Another disadvantage is cost. Each division, in essence, is a company unto itself, which results in functional duplication across the organization such as duplicate financial departments, research and development departments, sales and marketing departments, operation facilities and, of course, duplication in levels of management. Divisions may compete against each other rather than cooperate to achieve the organizations strategic goals. Finally, large companies increasingly have global business customers who demand one global point of purchase, not one in every country or region. (McShane and Steen, p. 366). Recommendation: To be successful, divisions must be well managed. Executive leadership is the single most important determinant of success for a company using a divisional structure. The top leaders need to understand what each division is doing and provide leadership to the division chiefs on how to accommodate new strategic directions or more effectively partner across divisions. In addition, the executives should have a solid grasp of resource use. Having a shared pool of centrally-managed resources like administrative support or office equipment can reduce costs and organizational complexity. 2. Job Design Job design is the process of assigning tasks to a job, including the interdependency of those tasks with other jobs. (McShane and Steen, p. 161). Some jobs have very few tasks and usually require very little skill. Other jobs are immensely complex and require years of experience and learning to master them. From one extreme to the other, jobs have different effects on work efficiency and employee motivation. (McShane and Steen, p. 161). Employee motivation is likely to increase if jobs are well designed. [1] Managers in ABC spend time analyzing each job to ensure that it will engage and motivate the employee while meeting business needs. Employees feel motivated if the job requires them to use a variety of skills and involves them in a range of different tasks. Having responsibility for the whole job, rather than one small part of it, and understanding the significance of their role also contribute to employee motivation. Systematic approach to designing the organization is a key responsibility of senior executives of ABC and one of the few levers they can directly manage to help them achieve competitive advantage in an extremely challenging marketplace. In ABC organization design is built on the principle that an organization consists of interrelated groups that are structured to interact with one another in ways that get work done. ABC uses scientific management design that influences work and management practice. ABC’ general principles from motivation theory: We should set goals; We should involve the employees concerned in designing and agreeing the goals; ‘Stretch’ goals’ can lead to significant increases in employee performance; We should link rewards to performance when possible; We should increase employees’ sense of ‘self-efficacy’ (confidence that they can perform the job or task well) The main motivating strategies of ABC Ltd. : Recognition Employee’s motivational recognition combined with public acknowledgement through schemes such as an â€Å"employee of the month† program or a well-designed incentive scheme. Involvement and Participation Increasing employee’s motivation by ensuring that they are involved in decision making that will have an impact on them. When possible, ABC management allows employees to have control over aspects of their work, such as how they structure their day. Give responsibility ABC hires people who have a track record of taking on additional responsibilities, and then let them have space. They should feel it’s up to them to make a customer’s day. Give power Empowering employees to make decisions that will benefit customers. Give employee the ability to fix customer problems without having to consult with their supervisor or manager first. This will ensure that problems are fixed quickly and efficiently. Give feedback Feedback is important. When structuring feedback, whether written or verbal, ABC’s managers make sure to always start and end with positive points, telling employees what they’re doing well before explaining what needs improvement. Rewarding system Performance-based rewards, Individual rewards, Team rewards, Performance Based Incentive. ABC Ltd. employs several practices to motivate its employees such as: job enlargement, job enrichment, job empowerment. They produce 3 psychological states, very important for motivation: -experienced meaningfulness (belief that one’s work is important) experience responsibility (employee’s belief in accountability for the outcomes of his effort) knowledge of results (employees want information about the consequences of their job) (McShane and Steen, p. 166). 3. Decision making Making decisions in a company or organization happens at all levels. A manager of a business shouldn’t assume he’s right in every decision he has to make. In that regard, different types of decision-making should be taken depending on the situation at hand. (McShane and Steen, p. 182). Identifying Problems Before making any decision, the ABC’s managers have to identify exactly what the problem is. According to them identifying the problem could lead to an erroneous decision. The manager of the department evaluates the issue with all employees so everyone knows about it, and then makes a decision that taps into whats worked before if that decision process is right for solving the issue. This form of decision-making can be made into a computer program with a set pattern of rules to follow in amending a problem. Multiple Perspective Analysis Sometimes using multiple perspective analysis to make a decision is best so managers force themselves out of their usual method of thinking. According to ABC’s manager Alex, by considering few different decisions you can make a decision using different thinking approaches. It is critical to be aware of how other people will react when the decision is made. Creativity in making a decision plays a significant role. Decision can be made using differing points of view from customers, clients or colleagues from different  departments. Short-Term Decisions Another decision method effectively used in ABC is the short-term method, or operational decisions. These decisions usually solve a problem in the immediate term through the action of employees. The method to this involves practical steps for a quicker outcome. Following Up and Feedback After an organization has made a decision, the manager needs to follow up on it to make sure it was implemented co rrectly. Communication with every employee involved in implementing the decision is important in this scenario. Additionally, a leader of an organization or department manager should get feedback from those directly affected by the decision. By doing so, the ABC management can know whether the decision was the right one. This helps in gauging how to make future important business decisions. As we can see management in ABC has been implementing scenario planning strategy, which involves thinking about what would happen if an environmental condition changed and what the organization should do to anticipate and react to such an outcome. (McShane and Steen, p. 192). Divergent thinking is been used as well, which helps to generate different approaches to the issue. ABC’s management considers that communication is improved when everyone in the decision-making process feels that her contribution is being respected. A group environment of acceptance leads to more comprehensive input from all stakeholders, which in turn leads to better communications and decisions that take all aspects of the situation into account. 4. Equity Equity theory is an employee’s perceptions of fairness by comparing their own outcome ratio to the outcome ratio of some other person. (McShane and Steen, p. 142). In ABC management is persuaded that inequity would harm employee motivation. Employees who feel they are on the receiving end of inequitable treatment will be emotionally motivated to gain equity. When inequities persist, employees may do any of the following: Decrease inputs (give less time, do less work) Push for more output from the company (more pay, authority) Go into survival mode (do their job and little more) Become resistant (act out on other issues) Become overly competitive (focus on reducing the outputs of others) Increase absenteeism Quit These outcomes harm an organization’s bottom line and where organizational turnover occurs the loss is two-fold (economic and talent based). Equity theory explains how employees determine what is fair and how they act upon their perceptions. As a result, employee perceptions about fairness do matter–whether they are real or misguided. For ABC managers it is better to effectively address these concerns than ignore them. As most leaders are operating in good faith in an organization, â€Å"the cure† is often just better communication. Leaders may need to manage unrealistic expectations by more open and active communication. Other solutions may involve acknowledging and addressing legitimate employee concerns. Finally, ABC leaders lead change efforts thoughtfully to avoid generating employee resentment. In ABC management works towards it’s trustworthy with employees, but they know that need to be mindful of the dynamic that human psychology plays in shaping employee perceptions, attitude, motivation, and behaviours, short and long term. Treating employees fairly and with respect remains priority for ABC that seeks successful and sustainable organizational results no matter what the market conditions are. In ABC expectancy theory has been provided throughout the departments. Management tries to increase can-do attitude by assuring employees that they have the necessary competencies (Increasing E-to-P Expectancies). (McShane and Steen, p. 366). In ABC employees get regular performance evaluation and distribute more valued rewards to those with higher job performance. Thus employees believe that higher performance will result in higher rewards. (Increasing P-to-O Expectancies). (McShane and Steen, p. 133). As Alex D. , the manager of ABC puts it wisely, The productivity of work is not the responsibility of the worker but of the manager. 5. Organizational culture An organization’s culture influences the ethical conduct of its employees. (McShane and Steen, p. 390). Organizational culture defines the way employees complete tasks and interact with each other in an organization. The cultural paradigm comprises various beliefs, values, rituals and symbols that govern the operating style of the people within a company. Corporate culture binds the workforce together and provides a direction for the company. The ABC way is about commitment and ownership, customer focus, and innovation and leadership. An executive of ABC informs â€Å"At ABC, we live our core values through our actions. This helps drive our business. Being a socially and environmentally responsible business is an important part of ABC’s culture. Set of key of ABC’s Organizational Culture: †¢ Shared understanding that members have. †¢ How things are done. †¢ The way members are supposed to behave. We believe that our employees are motivated to work hard and innovate when they see their jobs as their cause, and we offer ample opportunity for them to make a meaningful difference through the everyday work that they do†. â€Å"We support those core beliefs through: Achievement: We plan and play to win in all we do, every time. Every day matters. Accountability: We build trust by honouring our commitments. Alignment: We work as one ABC to debate, decide, embrace and execute. Agility: We continuously learn and improve in all aspects of our business. â€Å"When we look at our accomplishments, we look through the filter of our company culture, asking if we got there the right way—the ABC way†. Employees at ABC thrive on challenge and aren’t afraid to test limits. Together, they drive the innovations that break the barriers of technology. Their employees energize the industry, helping their customers win and building learning for a lifetime. Push Boundaries: ABC employees thrive on challenge and aren’t afraid to test limits. Together, they drive the innovations that break the barriers of technology. Deliver Innovation: ABC employees energize the industry, helping our customers win and building learning for a lifetime. Change the World: ABC’s employees make a world of difference, leading sustainable global communities, inspiring customer trust with innovative products and building a company to last. Effect on Performance: Leaders of ABC are confirmed that investing in organizational culture has a major effect on the organizational performance. Improvement strategies can only contribute to solving organizational problems when the organizational culture is correctly aligned. â€Å"Managing and aligning organizational culture can make your organization outperform other organizations: today and in the increasingly competitive future. † Organizational cultures can have varying impacts on employee performance and motivation levels. Oftentimes, employees work harder to achieve organizational goals if they consider themselves to be part of the corporate culture. Organizational Socialization: is the process by which individuals learn the values, expected behaviours, and social knowledge necessary to assume their roles in the organization. (McShane and Steen, p. 396). The first process of socialization in ABC is a â€Å"critical task for newcomers to acquire an understanding of the responsibilities and goals of their job expectations† and interaction with other employees. The second process the employee understands the job to perform, understands the company values and goals, and work/life balance can be establish. The third process job satisfaction becomes apparent. In the third process turnover is where an employee leaves the company for a variety of reasons. Formal socialization may occur through a mentoring process whereby values, skills and habits are communicated to a new hire by a more senior employee. In both cases, the intended effect is to alter the behaviour and values of the new employees until they are in line with those behaviours and values prized by the organization. Informal socialization in ABC occurs through any number of informal channels via peer interactions and informal interactions with management. In many ways, this is where the most effective and lasting socialization take place. As new hires observe and interact with fellow employees in the lunchroom and around the water cooler, and as they observe the accepted behaviours of both peers and superiors in a variety of workplace situations, they gain an understanding of the true values of an organization, and soon change their behaviours accordingly. Organizational socialization is a process of both learning and adjustment. (McShane and Steen, p. 396). 6. Organizational Change It is difficult for organizations to avoid change, as new ideas promote growth for them and their members. (McShane and Steen, p. 410). In ABC changes occur for many reasons such as new staff roles, increases or decreases in funding, acquisition of new technology, new missions, vision or goals, and to reach new members or clients. Changes can create new opportunities, but are often met with criticism from resistant individuals within the group. Resistance to change takes many forms, ranging from overt work stoppages to subtle attempts to continue the old ways. (McShane and Steen, p. 410). To better manage, ABC’s management introduces changes gradually into an organization. Organizational change management begins with a systematic diagnosis of the current situation in order to determine the organizations need for change and ability to change. Managers track transformation projects, organizational change management align group expectations, communicate, integrate teams, manage and train people. Areas that need to change are identified through interviews, focus groups, observation, and other methods of internal and external research. In ABC leaders clearly identify the desired culture, and then design a change process to implement the desired culture. ABC provides different types of organizational changes including: mission changes strategy changes operational changes (including structural changes) technology changes changing attitudes and behaviours restructuring Since change can threatens the organizational culture of a workplace things like a companys core values, mission and work environment fear is natural. ABC’s executive informs that sometimes in their company employees gain a sense of group identity and belonging and collect into opposition teams to gain strengths to stand against the changes if they feel that the changes may be threatening. Knowing employees have both a professional and personal stake in changes helps managers begin to understand resistance to change. The most recent change provided in ABC was organizational restructuring. One of the reasons why employees resist changes is that they lack role clarity about the change. (McShane and Steen, p. 412). Employees in a post-restructuring context are understandably wary about the future direction of the organization and their roles within it. It is crucial to examine the social-psychological impact of organizational restructuring on trust and work satisfaction. ABC management takes any organizational changes very seriously and conduct it thoroughly through several stages. Communication: communication is the highest priority and first strategy required for any organizational change. (McShane and Steen, p. 414). Leader of ABC motivate employees and tell them about all pros and cons of the change. Employee involvement: Employees who participate in decisions about a change tend to feel more personal responsibility for its successful implementation. (McShane and Steen, p. 416). Research Thoroughly: Any new additions to an organization are thoroughly researched before they are introduced to the company. Changes are examined from as many different perspectives as possible. Start with Trial Group: Whether implementing new software program or creating a new department in the company, management build a model first to see how the change works within your organizational structure. Preliminary Planning: Collect the data from research and the trial run, and put together a preliminary roll out plan. If it is possible, plan on implementing change in phases. This allows working out any problems with the change once it goes live with the rest of the company, but because it is done in phases you can limit potential problems by limiting the companys exposure to the new process. Training: Begin training employees on the change at least 30 days before implementing preliminary roll out. Designate a group of people that employees can go to with questions about the change, and allow employees to give input as the change rolls out. Ongoing Monitoring: To limit the negative effects of change, management conducts monitoring of the progress of any change as it is being introduced to the company. Solutions: supervisors who directly manage employees are prime change agents. They try to won over, are trained manage the change, with their feedback evaluated as change moves forward. Such communication is important for employees as well, since full disclosure breeds security, a remedy for resistance. Leaders address individual concerns employees might have about job security, wages and loss of control. A key element to leading change is a strategic vision. It minimizes employee fear of the unknown and provides a better understanding of what behaviours employees must learn for the desired future. (McShane and Steen, p. 418). 7. Work Groups and Teams Teams are groups of people who influence each other, accountable for achieving common goals associated with organizational objectives, and perceive themselves as a social entity within an organization. (McShane and Steen, p. 212). There are five main types of work teams in ABC: The problem-solving teams: an assemblage put together to solve a particular problem or improve activities within their own department. Once they conduct research and arrive at a proposed solution, the present their findings to the proper person or panel who may or may not implement the recommended course of action. Formal self-managed work teams: operate independent of a supervisor and are given authority to complete an assignment, coordinate across departments, and allow team members to select tasks they would like to undertake. In other words, they both manage and execute themselves. At the end, they are all held accountable equally. Cross-functional teams: on the other hand are comprised of members from a diversity of specialized backgrounds. For example, a content delivery network account representative may request a conference call with a customer, to which he may invite a solutions engineer, a channel sales director, an account development representative, and a professional services member. The expertise and information each brings to the table will aid in a smoother more efficient sales process that is not only practical but may spur the customer to request a purchase order. Work Group: people who have responsibility for the same process form a work group, also referred to as a natural team, to identify the ways in which their process can best support the organization. Work groups include employees who work in the same department or on the same product. Work groups are permanent teams that meet regularly. Theyre primarily self-managing, as each team members accountability to the group encourages active participation. Virtual team: is composed of members that are dispersed in different areas, but are still able to work together by using technology to assist them in accomplishing their communications objectives. These team members operate across space, time and organizational boundaries and are linked through information technologies to achieve organizational tasks. (McShane and Steen, p. 213). ABC leader believe in their teams contribution to organizational effectiveness such as: Retain valuable organizational knowledge that comes with the continuity of staff and sharing of information Enhance the power and feeling of satisfaction of individuals working on the team Establish trust relationships that lead to better sharing of knowledge and understanding Achieve objectives because individuals are working together Hold team members accountable to one another accountable Combine the talents of individuals and contribute more than the sum of its parts Create an environment where the input from people at all levels is valued Create new knowledge through working and learning with others Provide a process and place for multiple perspectives to be applied to complex problems and issues Generate new ideas and insights Create a climate where innovation and new ideas are supported and members listen to diverse points of view Multiply impacts while maintaining or reducing the resources needed to do the job Empower individuals, the team and the organizations All teams are groups, but teams are a special subset of groups. Work groups have a strong individual focus and teams have a strong collective focus. The individual is not lost on a team, but that persons work is coordinated to fit in with the greater good. Groups include people assembled together, whether or not they have any interdependence or organizationally focused objective. (McShane and Steen, p. 212). Informal groups are normal thing in ABC. The main reason for informal groups forming is social relationship, empowering individuals with self confidence, releasing stress. These types of group help their members minimize stress; provide emotional and informational social support. Importance of groups is in affecting the behaviour of individuals at work. Organizational effectiveness is a function of productivity that results from employee satisfaction. 8. Conflict Conflict is a process in which one party perceives that his interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party. (McShane and Steen, p. 298). ABC executive admits that conflicts unfortunately are inevitable in their Company as anywhere else. Thus sometime departments have conflicts with one another, senior managements have power struggles and ABC even may have conflict with other organizations. Interpersonal conflicts happen in ABC once in a while. Some people dont mix plain and simple. Perhaps outside work they would choose not to socialize or interact. Perhaps if they werent forced to deal with one another, they could have friendly, polite conversation as acquaintances. But when forced to work together to achieve goals or to share workspace on a consistent basis, friction may arise. In these situations, managers take on the roles of mediator and counsellor to diffuse the situation and find resolution, or make a difficult choice to transfer or remove someone based on inability to function in a team. This type of a conflict is considered as relationship conflict in which people focus on the characteristics of other individuals, rather than on the issues, as the source of conflict. (McShane and Steen, p.  300). Managerial expectations: it is the job of an employee to meet the expectations of his manager, but if those expectations are misunderstood, conflict can arise. In such cases ABC managers spend time clearly communicating their goals to employees and then confirming those goals in writing. Managers also encourage his employees to ask questions about their goals, and hold regular meetings to discuss the goals and how best to reach them. Inter-gro up conflict usually occurs because of the roles and functions of teams and departments. Both are just trying to do their jobs, but somehow run up against each other. An example might be conflict between a sales and information technology department. The sales department needs software to perform certain functions that support their sales and invoicing. The IT department finds the request difficult because the requested changes would negatively impact other parts of the company database. The result is a tension or conflict through neither partys fault. This is considered a problematic conflict requiring resolution by mediation or managerial decision. If the conflict persists and becomes part of the company dynamic or culture, it can become very destructive to the organization and everyone involved. In other circumstances inter-group conflict can be healthy. Such an example would be two sales teams that compete for the best results. While there may be some jeering and prodding between them, they drive each other to perform better, producing higher commissions for everyone and better results for the company. Conflict theory holds this to be a healthy or useful conflict. For ABC management it is very critical that all the conflicts are solved as soon as possible with the potential of win-to win orientation. (McShane and Steen, p. 213). Their preferred conflict handling style is Problem solving, as their participants usually have trust and open to different solutions. In ABC third-party conflict resolution is used through Mediation. Even though mediators have high control over the intervention process, the parties make the final decision. (McShane and Steen, p. 213). 9. Leadership style Leadership is about influencing, motivating and enabling others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organizations of which they are members. (McShane and Steen, p. 328). Leaders styles encompass how they relate to others within and outside the organization, how they view themselves and their position, and to a very large extent whether or not they are successful as leaders. ABC has successfully adopted Innovative Leadership Style. Innovative leaders are not just CEOs. They are team leaders, division managers